{"id":11671,"date":"2023-10-07T15:31:29","date_gmt":"2023-10-07T07:31:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/?p=11671"},"modified":"2024-11-21T14:41:43","modified_gmt":"2024-11-21T06:41:43","slug":"when-were-plastic-bags-invented-and-evolved","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/tui-nhua-duoc-phat-minh-va-phat-trien-khi-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a: T\u1ed5ng quan ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 "t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh khi n\u00e0o?" xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 shellac v\u00e0 s\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polyme nh\u01b0 Bakelite, lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"t\u00fai<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u1ee7a Polyethylene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Polyethylene, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ri\u00eang. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933 b\u1edfi Reginald Gibson v\u00e0 Eric Fawcett t\u1ea1i Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) \u1edf Northwich, Anh, ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ethylene d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t s\u00e1p m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 polyethylene. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2014 nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00fa h\u00edch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a polyethylene b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi "t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?", th\u00ec ph\u00e1t minh ra polyethylene l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gustaf Thulin Sten: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u00e1o ph\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fai mua s\u1eafm b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "t\u00fai \u00e1o ph\u00f4ng" v\u00ec h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gustaf Thulin Sten. L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i Celloplast v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, Sten \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a n\u00ean tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Celloplast c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00fai \u00e1o ph\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi "t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh khi n\u00e0o" theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"t\u00fai<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fai nilon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fai nh\u1ef1a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf cho t\u00fai gi\u1ea5y, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 Safeway v\u00e0 Kroger, hai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i si\u00eau th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 "c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a khi n\u00e0o?" v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ef1a mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eb9, b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m, t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ef1a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Khi t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a c\u0169ng v\u1eady. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1, r\u00f9a v\u00e0 chim bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 bi th\u1ea3m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: "Chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Great Pacific Garbage Patch, m\u1ed9t xo\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n bi\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a. Khi t\u00fai tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, t\u00fai mua s\u1eafm b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i sang bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Khi th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1ef1a d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, v\u1edbi California tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m ch\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, Bangladesh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a m\u1ecfng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 sau khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: "Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10?" v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m theo. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u bang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Hawaii v\u00e0 New York, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Rwanda v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 San Francisco, c\u0169ng tham gia v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong khi v\u1eabn mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quen. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u00fai t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, b\u1ec1n trong nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i mua s\u1eafm, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu\u1ed7i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Whole Foods \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 IKEA \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m t\u00fai mua s\u1eafm b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. Theo C\u01a1 quan M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, 76% t\u00fai x\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a American Plastics Counsel cho th\u1ea5y 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi "B\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai mua s\u1eafm b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng?" C\u01a1 quan M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 t\u00fai x\u00e1ch si\u00eau th\u1ecb v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh m\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u t\u00fai hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00fai c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 mong mu\u1ed1n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u1ec7n \u00edch v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai gi\u1ea5y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed, \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n l\u1ebb l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Safeway v\u00e0 Kroger l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua s\u1eafm \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Chi ph\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"t\u00fai<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh quan r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i, sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ea3y sinh: \u201cT\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d \u201cM\u1ed7i n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao nhi\u00eau t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a?\u201d \u201cT\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u00ec?\u201d Khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ho\u00e0i nghi, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc: Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bao b\u00ec b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nhanh h\u01a1n t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9t ng\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polyme c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 trong khi t\u00fai ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e3i ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00fai n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
N\u0103m<\/td>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900<\/td>Ph\u00e1t minh ra nh\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2013 Bakelite<\/td><\/tr>
1933<\/td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Polyethylene \u1edf Anh<\/td><\/tr>
Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960<\/td>Gustaf Thulin Sten ph\u00e1t minh ra t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>
Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970<\/td>S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td><\/tr>
Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20<\/td>M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21<\/td>Phong tr\u00e0o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/td><\/tr>
Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/td>Chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00ecnh c\u1edd trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi "t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh khi n\u00e0o?" d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm. Khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Bao b\u00ec t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a bao b\u00ec t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, KETE m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, KETE cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e1y in flexo tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a<\/a>. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi KETE \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u01a1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Dawn of Plastic: A Brief Overview Long before the specific question of “when were plastic bags invented?” arose, humans had been experimenting with naturally-derived plastics. Materials like shellac and horn had been used for ages. But it wasn’t until the 19th and 20th centuries that we saw the creation of man-made plastics, which changed […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11669,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"28","_seopress_titles_title":"When Were Plastic Bags Invented? A Historical Unveiling","_seopress_titles_desc":"Discover the history of plastic bags. Learn when were plastic bags invented and how they have evolved. Dive into our blog for all the details.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11671","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plastic-bag-making-machines"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11671"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11671\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16435,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11671\/revisions\/16435"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ketegroup.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}